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“床垫界的特斯拉”破产了

陶辉东 2026-06-25 10:58
陶辉东 2026/06/25 10:58

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这篇文章核心介绍了全球智能床垫龙头企业Sleep Number从兴起至破产的全过程,相关重点干货如下:

1. Sleep Number是智能床垫概念的开创者,早在2014年就推出带传感器的智能床垫,可监测睡眠数据、自动调节硬度、主动热管理,巅峰时期占据美国床垫市场7%份额,可调节床垫细分占比21.1%,高端智能床垫占比超30%,产品售价最低超1100美元,高端款达上万美元。

2. 破产的核心原因是企业误判赛道增长趋势,在2021年巅峰期激进举债,花费超6.4亿美元回购股票、扩张直营门店,后续遇上美国消费降级、床垫需求提前透支、同行竞争加剧,销量暴跌近30%,叠加美联储加息推高利息成本,最终资不抵债申请破产。

3. 给普通消费者的启示:选购高端智能概念产品要结合自身真实需求,同时要明白哪怕是行业头部龙头,也可能因战略失误迅速倒下。

Sleep Number的成败给睡眠科技及床垫品牌带来了多维度的经验教训,核心干货如下:

1. 产品研发与品牌定位层面:Sleep Number开创智能床垫赛道,跳出传统比拼材质的老路,靠差异化数字化技术构建竞争力,还打通了硬件-数据-临床研究的技术闭环,将品牌定位从床垫企业升级为睡眠科技企业,这套差异化打法值得品牌借鉴。

2. 战略与财务层面:品牌需要警惕高增长期的乐观误判,Sleep Number在巅峰时期过度激进举债,同时推进大额度股票回购和直营门店扩张,完全消耗了财务缓冲空间,遇到市场波动直接资不抵债,这个教训值得所有品牌警惕。

3. 消费趋势层面:疫情后全球出现明显消费降级,大件耐用高端产品需求下滑幅度大,还存在疫情提前透支需求的风险,同时赛道内卷加剧,新老品牌都在布局智能赛道,品牌必须预留财务安全垫,匹配消费趋势调整产品定价带。

Sleep Number破产事件给国内外床垫卖家提供了明确的机会提示和风险警示,核心干货如下:

1. 机会层面:智能床垫赛道仍然长期有潜力,消费者对睡眠健康的需求持续提升,差异化技术的智能产品仍有市场空间,当前国内智能床垫赛道还在发展阶段,仍有切入机会。

2. 风险提示:首先大件耐用消费品存在明显的需求透支风险,疫情期间释放的需求会提前消耗未来数年的购买量,其次高增长期不要过度激进举债扩张,当前全球利率波动较大,过高的负债会在需求下滑时直接压垮企业。

3. 经营层面:Sleep Number坚持重资产直营展厅模式,销量下滑后所有门店集体亏损直接抽干现金流,卖家可以参考这个教训,布局多元渠道,降低单一重资产渠道的依赖,同时始终保留足够的现金流应对市场波动。

Sleep Number的发展和破产案例,给床垫生产工厂带来了产品设计、数字化转型和风险管控多方面的启示,核心干货如下:

1. 产品生产设计层面:当前消费者已经不满足传统床垫的材质和舒适度,对智能化功能,比如睡眠监测、自动调硬度、热管理都有明确需求,工厂可以针对不同消费层级开发适配的智能化配置,抓住智能床垫的行业机会。

2. 数字化转型层面:Sleep Number很早就确立了数字化为核心的战略,通过产品采集海量睡眠数据,还延伸到临床研究构建技术闭环,证明数字化不是空概念,可以帮工厂打造差异化竞争力,给传统床垫工厂的数字化转型指明了路径。

3. 风险管控层面:智能床垫赛道虽有机会,但不要盲目扩张产能,要关注宏观消费波动对高端产品的影响,和品牌方合作时要留意对方的财务健康状况,避免品牌破产后出现货款无法收回的损失。

Sleep Number破产事件给睡眠科技相关服务商暴露了行业痛点,也指明了发展方向,核心干货如下:

1. 行业发展趋势层面:睡眠科技赛道整体仍处于增长期,智能化是明确的发展方向,大量传统床垫品牌和新创业品牌都在布局智能床垫,对相关技术服务、供应链服务、数据服务的需求在持续提升,行业整体机会较多。

2. 客户核心痛点层面:当前品牌方的核心痛点一是赛道内卷严重,难以做出差异化技术;二是宏观环境波动大,很容易出现需求下滑,而多数品牌没有足够的财务风险管控能力;三是重资产线下门店布局成本高,销量下滑时固定成本会直接拖累现金流。

3. 解决方案方向:技术服务商可以开发高性价比的大众化智能配件和算法,帮助品牌降低智能产品成本,适配消费降级下的中低端市场;财务和咨询服务商可以帮品牌搭建风险管控体系,避免过度举债;渠道服务商可以推出轻资产线下合作方案,降低品牌的渠道固定成本。

Sleep Number破产事件给家居品类平台、家居零售平台带来了运营、招商和风险管控的多方面启示,核心干货如下:

1. 招商层面:智能床垫赛道虽然有潜力,但头部品牌也存在极大的经营风险,平台招商不能只看品牌短期的高增长和市场份额,还要评估品牌的财务健康状况和战略合理性,不能盲目给高增长头部品牌过度的资源倾斜。

2. 运营管理层面:大件家居品类受宏观消费环境影响非常大,消费降级趋势下高端产品需求下滑明显,平台可以引导入驻品牌搭建分层定价的产品矩阵,覆盖不同消费能力的用户,同时鼓励品牌布局多元渠道,结合线上线下降低重资产直营的风险。

3. 风险规避层面:平台要关注入驻品牌的负债情况,在当前全球利率波动的环境下,提前预警高负债品牌的经营风险,还可以针对供应商货款拖欠的问题,搭建相应的风险保障机制,降低品牌破产对上下游产业的风险传导。

Sleep Number作为智能床垫赛道的开创者和前龙头,其破产事件是非常典型的产业研究案例,有诸多值得研究的内容,核心干货如下:

1. 产业新动向和新问题:当前全球睡眠科技赛道进入新发展阶段,智能概念普及后,赛道内卷程度快速提升,传统床垫品牌纷纷转型智能化,新品牌也不断切入抢占市场,同时受后疫情时代宏观经济影响,高端消费需求明显下滑,头部品牌也会出现破产,这是产业发展新阶段出现的新问题。

2. 商业模式研究:Sleep Number开创了从硬件到数据、算法再到临床研究的睡眠科技商业闭环,这种模式的优势是差异化强,能做到60%以上的超高毛利率,劣势是产品单价高,极度依赖高端消费需求,受宏观经济波动的影响远大于传统床垫企业。

3. 战略研究启示:该案例证明,企业在赛道高增长期很容易对长期趋势做出误判,过度激进的财务战略会快速放大经营风险,在利率波动的环境下,高负债扩张的模式风险极高,对研究后疫情时代消费企业的战略选择有重要的参考价值。

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Quick Summary

This article details the full rise and fall of Sleep Number, the global pioneer and former leading player in the smart mattress industry. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. As the creator of the smart mattress concept, Sleep Number launched its first sensor-integrated smart mattress back in 2014, with functions including sleep tracking, automatic firmness adjustment and active temperature management. At its peak, it held 7% of the U.S. mattress market, 21.1% of the adjustable mattress segment, and over 30% of the high-end smart mattress segment. Its products start at over $1,100, with premium models priced as high as tens of thousands of dollars.

2. The core cause of its bankruptcy was a misjudgment of market growth. At its 2021 peak, the company aggressively took on debt to fund a more than $640 million stock repurchase program and aggressive direct-to-consumer store expansion. It was later hit by a combination of U.S. consumption downgrade, pre-pandemic demand overdraw, and intensifying competition, leading to a nearly 30% drop in sales. Combined with surging interest costs driven by Federal Reserve rate hikes, the company ended up with liabilities exceeding assets and filed for bankruptcy.

3. Key takeaway for general consumers: When purchasing high-end smart concept products, align your choice with actual personal needs, and understand that even an established industry leader can collapse quickly due to strategic missteps.

The rise and fall of Sleep Number offers multi-layered lessons for sleep tech and mattress brands. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. Product R&D and brand positioning: Sleep Number created the smart mattress category, moving beyond the traditional competition centered on material quality to build competitive advantage via differentiated digital technology. It also built a complete hardware-data-clinical research technical loop, repositioning itself from a mattress manufacturer to a sleep tech company. This differentiated strategy is a valuable reference for other brands.

2. Strategy and financial management: Brands must guard against over-optimism and misjudgment during high-growth periods. Sleep Number’s aggressive borrowing, simultaneous large-scale stock buybacks and direct store expansion completely exhausted its financial buffer, leaving it insolvent when market conditions shifted. This is a critical lesson for all brands to heed.

3. Consumer trend adaptation: A clear consumption downgrade has taken hold globally post-pandemic, with demand for high-end large durable goods seeing particularly steep declines, plus the risk of demand overdraw from pandemic-era purchases. At the same time, the segment has become increasingly crowded, with both incumbents and new players entering the smart mattress space. Brands must maintain a financial safety buffer and adjust their product pricing tiers to align with shifting consumer trends.

Sleep Number’s bankruptcy provides clear opportunity signals and risk warnings for mattress sellers globally. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. Opportunities: The smart mattress segment retains long-term growth potential, as consumer demand for sleep health continues to rise. Differentiated, technology-enabled smart products still have meaningful market space. The domestic Chinese smart mattress market is still in an early growth stage, leaving ample room for new entrants.

2. Risk warnings: First, large consumer durables face clear demand overdraw risk: pandemic-era purchases have already consumed demand for years to come. Second, avoid overly aggressive debt-fueled expansion during high-growth periods. Against the current backdrop of global interest rate volatility, excessive leverage can sink a business quickly when demand falls.

3. Operational takeaways: Sleep Number relied entirely on a capital-heavy direct-to-consumer showroom model; when sales dropped, all locations turned unprofitable at once and drained its cash flow. Sellers should learn from this mistake by building a diversified channel mix, reducing dependence on a single capital-heavy channel, and always maintaining sufficient cash reserves to weather market volatility.

Sleep Number’s growth and bankruptcy offers lessons across product design, digital transformation and risk management for mattress manufacturers. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. Product design and development: Consumers are no longer satisfied with the material quality and comfort of traditional mattresses, and have clear demand for smart features such as sleep tracking, automatic firmness adjustment and temperature management. Factories can develop tiered smart configurations for different consumer segments to capitalize on the smart mattress industry opportunity.

2. Digital transformation: Sleep Number adopted a digital-first strategy early on, collecting massive sleep data from its products and extending into clinical research to build a complete technical loop. This proves digital transformation is not an empty concept: it can help manufacturers build differentiated competitive advantages, and provides a clear path for traditional mattress factories pursuing digital upgrades.

3. Risk management: While the smart mattress segment offers opportunities, avoid盲目 capacity expansion. Manufacturers should monitor the impact of macro consumption volatility on high-end products, and vet the financial health of brand partners to avoid losses from unpaid orders if a brand goes bankrupt.

Sleep Number’s bankruptcy exposes key industry pain points for sleep tech service providers and clarifies future growth directions. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. Industry growth trends: The broader sleep tech sector is still in a growth phase, with smartification a clear directional trend. A large number of traditional mattress brands and new startups are entering the smart mattress space, driving sustained growth in demand for related technology services, supply chain services and data services. The industry as a whole offers substantial opportunities.

2. Core client pain points: For brand clients, three key pain points stand out: first, intense market competition makes it difficult to build differentiated technology; second, large macroeconomic volatility leads to unexpected demand drops, and most brands lack sufficient financial risk management capacity; third, capital-heavy offline store expansion creates high fixed costs that drag on cash flow when sales decline.

3. Solution directions: Technology service providers can develop cost-effective mass-market smart components and algorithms to help brands lower smart product costs, to adapt to the mid- and low-end market amid consumption downgrade. Financial and consulting service providers can help brands build risk management frameworks to avoid excessive borrowing. Channel service providers can roll out asset-light offline partnership models to lower brands’ fixed channel costs.

Sleep Number’s bankruptcy offers lessons across operations, merchant recruitment and risk management for home goods and furniture retail platforms. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. Merchant recruitment: While the smart mattress segment has growth potential, even leading brands carry substantial operational risk. Platforms should not evaluate potential merchant partners solely on short-term growth and market share; they must also assess a brand’s financial health and strategic soundness, and avoid over-allocating resources to high-growth leading brands blindly.

2. Operations management: Large home goods categories are extremely sensitive to macro consumer conditions, and demand for high-end products has fallen sharply amid the consumption downgrade trend. Platforms can guide partnered brands to build tiered product portfolios to cover consumers across different income levels, while encouraging brands to adopt multi-channel strategies to reduce the risk of capital-heavy direct ownership models.

3. Risk mitigation: Platforms should monitor the leverage levels of partnered brands, and proactively flag operational risks from highly leveraged brands amid ongoing global interest rate volatility. They can also build risk protection mechanisms to address supplier payment default risks, reducing the spillover of risk across the upstream and downstream supply chain if a brand declares bankruptcy.

As the pioneer and former leader of the smart mattress segment, Sleep Number’s bankruptcy is a highly valuable case study for industry research, with multiple key research insights: Key takeaways are as follows:

1. New industry trends and challenges: The global sleep tech sector has entered a new development stage. After the smart concept went mainstream, market competition has intensified rapidly, with traditional mattress brands shifting to smart products and new brands continuously entering the market. Meanwhile, post-pandemic macroeconomic conditions have driven a clear decline in high-end consumer demand, leading to the bankruptcy of what was once a segment leader. This is a new challenge emerging in the new stage of industry development.

2. Business model research: Sleep Number pioneered a complete sleep tech business loop spanning hardware, data, algorithms and clinical research. The advantage of this model is its strong differentiation, enabling a super-high gross margin of over 60%. The downside is high product pricing, extreme dependence on high-end consumer demand, and far greater exposure to macroeconomic volatility than traditional mattress businesses.

3. Strategic research insights: This case demonstrates that companies often misjudge long-term growth trends during periods of high industry growth, and overly aggressive financial strategies can quickly amplify operational risk. In an environment of interest rate volatility, debt-fueled expansion carries extremely high risk. This case offers important reference value for research on strategic decision-making for consumer companies in the post-pandemic era.

Disclaimer: The "Quick Summary" content is entirely generated by AI. Please exercise discretion when interpreting the information. For issues or corrections, please email run@ebrun.com .

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短短几年,这家智能床垫的先驱就先撑不住了。

作者陶辉东

近日,睡眠科技赛道的全球龙头、有“床垫界的特斯拉”之称的Sleep Number已向法院申请破产保护。

Sleep Number在床垫行业以产品科技含量高著称。实际上,“智能床垫”的概念最早就是由这家公司一手带火的。早在2014年,当友商们还在走比拼材质和舒适度的老路时,Sleep Number就确立起“数字化为核心”的战略,往床垫里装上了可采集用户的呼吸和心率数据的高灵敏度传感器,在CES电子展上一炮而红。

此后的十余年里,Sleep Number的智能床垫风靡美国。直到申请破产前,Sleep Number仍占据了美国床垫市场约7%的总份额,并在可调节床垫的细分市场中占据了高达21.1%的市场份额,稳居高端智能床垫赛道的龙头地位。

2021年前后,智能床垫在国内火了之后,很多创业公司打的口号都是做“中国的Sleep Number”,希望在中国复制它的成功。没想到,短短几年之后,这家智能床垫的先驱就先撑不住了。

把一张床垫卖到几万块

如果要用一个字形容Sleep Number的床垫,一定是“贵”。Sleep Number最便宜的产品售价也超过1100美元,基础款床垫的价格超过3500美元,高端款更是上万美元。

能把一张床垫卖到几万块,因为Sleep Number卖的不是普通的床垫,而是一款科技产品。

时间回到2014年,Sleep Number在国际消费电子展(CES)上推出了一个名为“SleepIQ”的睡眠监测系统。具体点说,Sleep Number往床垫上安装了极高灵敏度的压力传感器,可以检测到用户的心跳、呼吸和肢体微小翻动引起的次声波级机械振动。然后,Sleep Number使用AI算法来分析这些数据,精确评估用户的入睡时间、各个睡眠阶段(浅睡、深睡、REM睡眠)及觉醒次数,还能长期追踪心率变异性(即HRV,可以用来评估心血管健康)。所有数据计算均在后台无感完成,用户醒来后即可在SleepIQ App中获取综合的每日睡眠报告。

这套技术的优势显而易见:用户不用穿戴任何设备,不用担心充电问题,没有额外的心智成本。这才是“年轻人的第一张智能床垫”该有的样子。“SleepIQ”一经推出,就在美国大受欢迎,此后一直是Sleep Number最核心的产品卖点。

当然,Sleep Number的技术还不止于此。

Sleep Number在1980年代创立之初是以空气床垫起家的,此时几十年Sleep Number把这一技术做到了极致。所谓空气床垫是指床垫内部没有弹簧,而以充气的气腔提供弹性。为了让气腔完美满足用户需求,Sleep Number使用了压力传感网络实时监控气腔内的流体压力,当用户的睡姿发生改变或床面重量增加时,床垫底部的静音微型气泵会自动进行充气或放气微调,以持续维持用户设定的最佳硬度支撑。

此外,Sleep Number还在床垫里引入了主动热管理系统,用内部嵌入的热流导管主动抽走人体散发的热量来实现物理降温,以解决因睡眠环境的热量积聚而导致的深夜惊醒问题。

这样的一款床垫卖几万块,是不是感觉也不算贵?反正,美国人是买爆了。在2021年的巅峰期,Sleep Number营收达到了21.8亿美元,在美国床垫市场的份额是8%。并且,Sleep Number的产品线全部是智能床垫,在家用智能床垫这个细分市场上,它的占有率最高时超过了30%,也有统计认为其占有率可达50%(智能床垫的口径差异可能较大)。

由于产品的热卖,Sleep Number积累了全球最庞大的真实世界睡眠数据库——累计超过48亿次、380亿小时的睡眠记录。其2024年财报披露的数据是“累计改善近1600万人的睡眠生活”,“全球用户超数百万”。

而且,Sleep Number的睡眠数据没有停留在“消费级玩具”的层面,而是延伸到了临床。2020年,Sleep Number与美国顶级医疗机构梅奥诊所达成合作,使用经授权的真实用户睡眠数据来开发心脏风险AI预测模型。2022年,Sleep Number又与美国癌症协会合作,研究睡眠对癌症预防与康复的影响。

从硬件、数据、算法再到临床研究,Sleep Number构建起一个独特的关于睡眠的商业与技术闭环。实际上,从2017年开始,Sleep Number就不再定位为一家床垫公司,而是自称“睡眠科技”公司。

产品销量崩了

2021年是Sleep Number发展路上的分水岭。

在这之前,Sleep Number的维持着非常高的业绩增长速度。其2021年财报显示,截至2021年的五年里,Sleep Number的每股收益年复合增长率达到41%,2019年-2021年销售收入年均增长15%,并且维持着60%以上的超高毛利率。这样的吸金能力,让全世界的床垫品牌望尘莫及。

当时Sleep Number已经在纳斯达克上市,股价在一年里涨了8倍。投资者将它视为一家消费科技公司,而不是普通的床垫公司。

于是,Sleep Number的管理层对公司未来给出了极为乐观的预测。Sleep Number的CEO在2021年的财报中写道:“我们正处在智能床垫替代传统床垫的历史转折的初期。”言下之意,Sleep Number的高增长才刚刚开始,好日子还长着呢。

在这样的预期之下,Sleep Number在随后几年干了两件大事。

首先是激进的股票回购。2020年至2022年的三年,Sleep Number累计支出了超过6.4亿美元用于股票回购。特别是在2021年,股票回购支出达3.64亿美元,比公司这一年的自由现金流还多出了1.31亿美元。

另一件事,就是大规模的门店扩张。Sleep Number的销售模式是直营销售展厅,2020年末时门店数是602家,2021年增加到648家,2022年继续增长到670家。

为了同时支撑股票回购和扩张,Sleep Number在疫情初期的低利率环境下大规模举债融资。其信贷余额从2020年底的2.44亿美元攀升至2022年的4.6亿美元。

然而,虽然开了更多门店,但从2022年开始Sleep Number的销售额却反而往下掉了。2022年Sleep Number的销售收入21.14亿美元,同比下降3.2%。这只是一个开始,接下来的几年Sleep Number的销售额下滑幅度越来越大。到2025年,其销售额仅剩15.58亿美元,比巅峰时期少了近30%

门店数增加了,销售额却下降了,让Sleep Number的门店一夕之间就从盈利变成了亏损。而由于门店都是直营,这些亏损迅速抽干了Sleep Number的现金流。再加上Sleep Number已经把大量现金用在了股票回购上,已经没有财务空间应付骤然到来的亏损。

雪上加霜的是美联储的急促加息,利率水平从接近0的水平一下子提升到5%以上,于是正在大量举债的Sleep Number发现自己被架在火上烤。

截至2025年底,Sleep Number账面现金仅剩可怜的169万美元,而循环信贷提取额高达5.88亿美元。由于高昂的利息支出(2025年净利息支出逼近5000万美元)和持续的自由现金流消耗(2025年自由现金流为负1770万美元),公司的总负债飙升至超过13亿美元,导致股东权益变为了负5.21亿美元,已处于严重资不抵债的状态。

智能床垫遭遇“消费降级”

为什么2021年之后Sleep Number的销售突然就崩了?

最大的原因是,美国的中产在疫情之后也在“消费降级”。床垫作为大件、耐用消费品,很容易受到消费者削减开支的影响。数据显示,美国床垫市场的总出货量在2021年之后大幅下滑,从2021年约2630万套的峰值降至2024年的约1920万套。

另外,Sleep Number在2021年的高销售额,一定程度上也是“疫情红利”。因为疫情,消费者把原本用于旅游等消费的预算用来买了一张好床垫。而一张床垫通常能用七八年,这意味着未来很多年的购买需求实际上已经被提前透支了。

当然,智能床垫市场自身也越来越“卷”。传统床垫品牌纷纷大力向智能化发展,新的创业公司也在崛起。比如,被马斯克本人在社交媒体上大赞“它真的很棒”的Eight Sleep势头非常猛,在媒体报道里已经把“床垫界的特斯拉”的名号抢了过去。

总而言之,Sleep Number对市场趋势的判断严重错误,在一个最糟糕的时间点上进行了过于大胆的扩张,让公司的财务状况在短短两三年内就恶化到不可挽回的程度。

从2024年开始,Sleep Number尝试削减成本自救,关闭了上百家门店,裁撤大量员工。但削减成本的速度远远追赶不上收入端塌陷和高昂利息支出侵蚀现金流的速度,最终不得不向法院提请破产保护。

Sleep Number的技术和品牌依然是有价值的。根据破产申请文件,来自加拿大的家居连锁零售商Sleep Country已提出以4.15亿美元现金收购Sleep Number的绝大部分资产。不过,这笔钱甚至不足以偿还6.725亿美元的优先级担保债务,广大处于劣后的无担保债权人、包括大量供应商面临颗粒无收的惨境,Sleep Number的股东权益将会清零。Sleep Number在纳斯达克的市值早就“归零”了,目前的股价仅0.17美元,总市值400万美元。

投中网原创

注:文/陶辉东,文章来源:投中网(公众号ID:China-Venture),本文为作者独立观点,不代表亿邦动力立场。

文章来源:投中网

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