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万亿商业航天 先赚到钱的不是火箭

徐鑫 2026-06-18 22:29
徐鑫 2026/06/18 22:29

邦小白快读

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本文核心介绍了当前全球及国内商业航天行业的发展现状与阶段特征,核心干货如下:

1. 当前全球商业航天已经正式进入被资本市场定价的阶段,国内商业航天经过政策、资本、技术三重推动,已经从技术探索阶段进入批量化、规模化建设阶段,行业核心考题是跑通商业闭环,目前大热的火箭赛道整体仍处于重投入期,尚未实现盈利,率先赚到钱的多是产业链上游配套和差异化出海玩家。

2. 行业具体数据来看,2025年国内商业航天全行业融资186亿元,同比增长32%,共有600多家企业涌入,行业整体规模在2.5万亿到2.8万亿元之间,年均复合增长率超20%。

3. 今年行业核心进展是密集验证火箭可回收技术,监管已经明确把可回收技术突破作为商业火箭企业登陆科创板的硬性要求,谁先突破谁就能优先拿到上市入场券。

当前商业航天处于规模化建设初期,存在大量长期市场机会,相关核心干货如下:

1. 产业与消费趋势方面,从全球太空经济结构来看,未来下游应用与服务将占到整个太空经济的七成以上,是核心盈利场景,火箭发射仅占约2%,现在国内下游应用还未规模化,市场空间广阔,提前布局可抢占先发优势。

2. 市场机会方面,当前全球有约40个缺乏独立航天能力的国家,每年有合计约1亿美元的航天合作预算,出海提供差异化航天服务已经验证了商业模式,有明确的市场增量。

3. 成本与竞争层面,火箭可回收技术可将单次发射成本降低近70%,规模化发射会进一步摊薄全产业链成本,未来下游应用的成本会持续下降,能催生更多民用场景。

4. 可参考案例是SpaceX,通过马斯克的品牌打造、供应链整合加场景落地,靠星链通信服务实现了稳定盈利,其发展路径值得参考。

国内商业航天进入规模化建设阶段,既有政策扶持带来的机会,也有明确的行业风险,核心干货整理如下:

1. 政策解读方面,当前国家对商业航天的扶持力度大,已经放开多项核心限制:允许民营企业独立申请轨道频率、承接国家航天任务,取消了商业卫星研制的武器装备科研生产许可证要求,科创板向未盈利但掌握核心技术的商业航天企业开放,同时还设立了首期200亿元的国家级商业航天发展基金,多地也配套了地方产业基金。

2. 市场机会方面,当前国内商业火箭运力缺口明显,能稳定提供大运力发射服务的民营火箭企业不足,上游核心配套、出海航天服务、下游卫星互联网等领域都存在明确的机会。

3. 风险提示方面,当前火箭赛道仍处于重投入期,盈利周期长,上游配套企业的商业航天业务普遍占总营收比例极低,多数不到5%,业绩兑现难度大,下游应用民间付费意愿低,商业闭环尚未跑通,需要警惕概念泡沫风险。

国内商业航天的规模化发展,给制造工厂带来了明确的发展机会,核心干货整理如下:

1. 产品生产与设计需求方面,当前行业核心需求是大吨位低成本火箭,以及低轨卫星组网配套,对上游金属3D打印、深冷设备、特种制动、箭体结构件等产品的需求持续增长,已经有部分企业拿到批量订单,未来随着组网推进,需求还会快速增长。

2. 商业机会方面,当前国内商业航天上游配套环节还没有出现营收占比超一成的头部企业,原有具备技术能力的制造工厂切入供应链,有机会成长为细分领域龙头,比如西安铂力特已经为十多家头部商业航天企业供货,相关业务增长很快,净利润已经实现同比翻倍。

3. 数字化转型启示方面,行业对低成本制造要求很高,工厂可以借鉴中科宇航的模式,引入汽车自动化产线、采用模块化开发模式,通过数字化生产降低制造成本,适配行业批量化需求,也可以拓展海外配套业务,抢占增量市场。

国内商业航天处于快速发展初期,产业链存在大量待满足的需求,给服务商带来了很多机会,核心干货如下:

1. 行业发展趋势方面,当前商业航天在政策和资本的推动下快速增长,2025年国内产业规模已经达到2.5万亿到2.8万亿元,年均复合增长率保持在20%以上,未来下游应用占比将超过七成,整体市场空间大,当前处于发展早期,配套服务需求旺盛。

2. 行业核心客户痛点方面,整个行业的核心卡点是规模化不足:火箭环节缺少稳定的大运力运力,下游应用缺少足够的在轨卫星支撑和真实付费场景,上游缺少低成本批量制造能力,中小国家客户缺少一站式航天服务能力。

3. 可布局的解决方案方向:服务商可以切入上游配套制造服务,也可以参考杭州地卫二的模式,针对海外客户推出AI卫星+地面站+人员培训+在轨算力共享的打包交钥匙方案,抓住全球中小国家的航天服务需求,也可以布局测运控等中游配套服务,填补产业链缺口。

商业航天的快速发展给产业平台带来了新的机会,核心干货整理如下:

1. 产业对平台的核心需求方面,当前商业航天处于规模化发展早期,产业链分散,上下游信息不对称,比如此前上海垣信的6.16亿元火箭运力招标,就因为符合要求的供应商不足三家流标,迫切需要平台整合产业链资源,对接供需双方。

2. 平台可落地的做法方面,可针对商业航天企业推出针对性的孵化服务,对接政策与资本资源,吸引优质项目入驻;招商方面可重点布局可回收技术研发、上游核心配套、出海差异化服务类项目,这类项目当前资本和市场关注度高。

3. 风险规避方面,当前行业概念热度高,多数项目尚未实现盈利,上游配套企业的商业航天业务占总营收比例普遍低于5%,泡沫较多,平台合作招商需要核查真实业务落地情况,重点筛选有真实订单、完成核心技术验证的项目,规避虚高估值带来的风险。

当前全球和国内商业航天都出现了诸多新动向、新问题,是非常好的研究样本,核心干货整理如下:

1. 产业新动向方面,全球商业航天已经迎来资本市场定价时刻,SpaceX完成人类历史最大规模IPO,市值突破2.5万亿美元;国内商业航天经过三年三级跳,定位从“未来产业”升级为航天强国的重要支撑,已经从技术储备的1.0阶段进入批量化规模化建设的2.0阶段,行业核心任务从技术验证转向跑通商业闭环。

2. 产业新问题方面,当前国内商业航天核心卡点是规模化不足:国内两大低轨星座申报卫星总量超3万颗,但组网完成度低于一成,年发射量仅92次,远低于SpaceX的170次,能稳定提供大运力的民营火箭企业极少,下游民间应用付费意愿低、场景破碎,上游配套业务规模小,火箭赛道整体仍处重投入期,全行业商业闭环尚未跑通。

3. 商业模式研究方面,当前行业已经出现火箭运力、上游卖配套、出海一站式服务三种探索路径,不同路径的优劣、可复制性都值得深入研究,政策放开对商业航天的推动作用,也值得研究总结。

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Quick Summary

This article outlines the current development status and stage characteristics of the global and Chinese commercial aerospace industry, with key takeaways as follows:

1. Global commercial aerospace has formally entered a stage where it is being priced by capital markets. Driven by policy support, capital inflows, and technological advancement, China's commercial aerospace sector has evolved from technology exploration to mass, large-scale development. The core industry challenge now is building a viable commercial closed loop. The currently booming rocket sector remains in a period of heavy capital investment and is not yet profitable; the first players to generate profits are mostly upstream supporting suppliers and differentiated players targeting overseas markets.

2. According to industry data, China's commercial aerospace sector raised 18.6 billion yuan in 2025, up 32% year-on-year. More than 600 companies have entered the space, and the total industry size ranges from 2.5 trillion to 2.8 trillion yuan, with a compound annual growth rate exceeding 20%.

3. The key industry progress this year is the intensive testing and verification of reusable rocket technology. Chinese regulators have explicitly made breakthroughs in reusable technology a hard requirement for commercial rocket companies seeking to list on the STAR Market, meaning the first company to crack the technology will get priority access to an IPO.

Commercial aerospace is currently in the early stage of large-scale development, with abundant long-term market opportunities. Key insights for brands are as follows:

1. In terms of industry and consumption trends, looking at the global space economy structure, downstream applications and services will account for more than 70% of the total space economy in the future, representing the core profit scenario, while rocket launches only account for around 2%. Downstream applications in China have not yet reached scale, leaving enormous room for growth. Early布局ers can seize first-mover advantage.

2. In terms of market opportunities, around 40 countries globally lack independent aerospace capabilities, with a combined annual aerospace cooperation budget of around $100 million. The business model of providing differentiated aerospace services to these overseas markets has already been validated, with clear incremental market demand.

3. In terms of costs and competition, reusable rocket technology can cut single-launch costs by nearly 70%, and mass launches will further dilute costs across the entire industrial chain. Lower costs for downstream applications will continue to drive the emergence of new civilian use scenarios.

4. SpaceX serves as a useful reference case: through Elon Musk's brand building, supply chain integration and scenario commercialization, the company has achieved stable profitability via its Starlink satellite communications service, and its development path is worthy of reference.

China's commercial aerospace industry has entered the stage of large-scale development, bringing both opportunities from policy support and clear industry risks. Key takeaways for sellers are as follows:

1. In terms of policy interpretation, China provides strong support for commercial aerospace and has relaxed multiple core restrictions: private companies are now allowed to independently apply for orbital frequencies and undertake national aerospace missions; the requirement for a weapons and equipment scientific research production license for commercial satellite development has been canceled; the STAR Market is open to unprofitable commercial aerospace companies with core technologies; a 20 billion yuan national-level commercial aerospace development fund has been launched, and multiple local governments have established matching local industrial funds.

2. In terms of market opportunities, there is a clear shortage of commercial rocket launch capacity in China, with too few private rocket companies able to stably provide large-capacity launch services. Clear opportunities exist in upstream core supporting components, overseas aerospace services, downstream satellite internet and other fields.

3. In terms of risk warning, the rocket track still requires heavy capital investment with long profit cycles. The commercial aerospace business of upstream supporting companies generally accounts for a very low share of total revenue, mostly less than 5%, making performance fulfillment very difficult. Downstream applications face low willingness to pay from civilian users, and a viable commercial closed loop has not yet been built, so market participants should be wary of concept-driven asset bubbles.

The large-scale development of China's commercial aerospace industry has created clear growth opportunities for manufacturing factories. Key insights are as follows:

1. In terms of product design and production demand, the current core industry demand is for low-cost large-tonnage rockets and supporting equipment for low-orbit satellite constellation deployment. Demand for upstream products such as metal 3D printing, cryogenic equipment, special brakes and rocket structural components continues to grow, and some manufacturers have already received batch orders. Demand will grow even faster as constellation deployment accelerates.

2. In terms of business opportunities, no leading company has yet captured more than 10% market share in China's upstream commercial aerospace supporting segment. Existing manufacturing factories with relevant technical capabilities that enter the supply chain have the opportunity to grow into segment leaders. For example, Xi'an Bright Laser Technologies already supplies more than 10 leading commercial aerospace companies, with rapid business growth and a year-on-year doubling of net profit.

3. In terms of digital transformation insights, the industry has strict requirements for low-cost manufacturing. Factories can learn from the model of Zhongke Aerospace: introduce automated automotive production lines, adopt modular development, and reduce manufacturing costs through digital production to meet the industry's mass production demand. Manufacturers can also expand into overseas supporting business to capture incremental market share.

China's commercial aerospace industry is in the early stage of rapid growth, with a large number of unmet needs across the industrial chain, creating abundant opportunities for service providers. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. In terms of industry development trends, commercial aerospace is growing rapidly driven by policy and capital. By 2025, China's total industry size will reach 2.5 trillion to 2.8 trillion yuan, with a compound annual growth rate of over 20%. Downstream applications will account for more than 70% of the industry in the future, creating enormous overall market size. At this early development stage, demand for supporting services is very strong.

2. In terms of core pain points for industry clients, the main bottleneck across the industry is insufficient scale: the rocket sector lacks stable large-capacity launch capacity; downstream applications lack sufficient in-orbit satellites and real paid-use scenarios; upstream players lack low-cost mass manufacturing capabilities; and small and medium-sized country clients lack access to one-stop aerospace services.

3. Promising solution areas for service providers include upstream supporting manufacturing services. Service providers can also follow the model of Hangzhou Diwei 2, which offers a turnkey package of AI satellites + ground stations + personnel training + in-orbit computing power sharing for overseas clients, tapping into demand from small and medium-sized countries globally. Service providers can also enter midstream supporting services such as satellite measurement, operation and control to fill industrial chain gaps.

The rapid growth of commercial aerospace has created new opportunities for industrial platforms. Key takeaways are as follows:

1. In terms of the core industry demand for platforms, commercial aerospace is currently in the early stage of large-scale development, with a fragmented industrial chain and information asymmetry between upstream and downstream players. For example, a previous 616 million yuan rocket capacity tender by Shanghai Yuanxin failed because fewer than three suppliers met the requirements. There is an urgent need for platforms to integrate industrial chain resources and connect supply and demand sides.

2. In terms of actionable strategies for platforms, platforms can launch targeted incubation services for commercial aerospace companies, connecting them with policy and capital resources to attract high-quality projects. For investment recruitment, platforms should prioritize projects focused on reusable technology R&D, upstream core supporting components, and differentiated overseas services, as these projects currently attract high attention from both capital and the market.

3. In terms of risk mitigation, the industry currently has high concept-driven hype, most projects are not yet profitable, and commercial aerospace business generally accounts for less than 5% of total revenue for upstream supporting suppliers, creating significant bubble risk. When partnering with or recruiting projects, platforms should verify real business progress, prioritize projects with actual orders and verified core technologies, and avoid risks from inflated valuations.

Commercial aerospace has seen many new developments and new problems in both the global and Chinese markets, making it an excellent research sample. Key insights for researchers are as follows:

1. In terms of new industry developments, global commercial aerospace has entered an era of capital market pricing: SpaceX has completed the largest IPO in human history, with a market capitalization exceeding $2.5 trillion. After three years of rapid advancement, China's commercial aerospace sector has upgraded its positioning from a 'future industry' to a core pillar of China's goal to become a global aerospace power. It has evolved from the 1.0 stage of technology reserve to the 2.0 stage of mass, large-scale development, and the core industry task has shifted from technology validation to building a viable commercial closed loop.

2. In terms of new industry challenges, the core bottleneck for China's commercial aerospace sector is insufficient scale: China's two major low-orbit constellation projects have filed for more than 30,000 satellites in total, but less than 10% have been deployed. Annual launch volume stands at 92, far below SpaceX's 170 launches. Very few private rocket companies can stably provide large-capacity launches; downstream civilian applications face low willingness to pay and fragmented use cases; upstream supporting business remains small in scale; the entire rocket sector is still in the heavy investment period, and a working commercial closed loop has not been achieved across the industry.

3. In terms of business model research, the industry has already seen three exploratory paths: rocket launch capacity, upstream supporting product sales, and one-stop overseas services. The advantages, disadvantages and replicability of each path warrant in-depth research. The role of policy liberalization in driving commercial aerospace development is also an important area for research and summary.

Disclaimer: The "Quick Summary" content is entirely generated by AI. Please exercise discretion when interpreting the information. For issues or corrections, please email run@ebrun.com .

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从技术验证迈向批量化规模化建设,努力完成商业闭环。

文|徐鑫

编|任晓渔

几天前,SpaceX完成人类历史上规模最大的IPO,市值已突破2.5万亿美元(包含太空Space、连接Connectivity和人工智能AI三大板块),一度超过微软。一家曾扬言“不登上火星不上市”的公司走向资本市场,某种意义上,全球的商业航天作为一门生意,正式迎来被定价时刻。

在国内,商业航天过去两三年因政策、技术与资本的多重共振而跻身国内最炙手可热的赛道之一。

一方面,商业航天领域完成了从“未来产业”到“航天强国”重要支撑的跨越,同时可回收火箭密集试飞,业内预期今年可回收技术有望取得突破,而在资本市场2025年全年行业融资186亿元,600多家企业涌入,相关概念一年里诞生超百支翻倍股……

喧嚣之下,行业内判断2026年商业航天领域正从此前的技术探索进入批量化、规模化建设阶段。这意味着商业闭环逻辑成为这一阶段要面临的必考题。“商业如果不闭环,就不能叫商业航天。”一位商业航天资深人士提到。

业界观察,围绕着产业规模化,最受关注的火箭赛道今年正密集验证可回收技术关卡,降低成本。而一些被认为卖铲子的玩家,则悄然赚到了钱。

01

三重力量推起来的风口

在商业航天领域,马斯克和SpaceX是绕不过去的名字。

“这个行业很像新能源汽车”,太空智能计算公司地卫二创始人此前有过一个类比,像特斯拉改变汽车行业一样,马斯克进入航天领域后,通过供应链整合、用户场景和品牌建设,让行业发生极大的改变。

最有冲击力的示范发生在2015年。那一年年底,猎鹰9号的一级火箭在发射后稳稳地降落回地面,几个月后实现海上回收,整个产业看到一枚入轨火箭可以被回收、被重复使用。

业界认为,航天产品自此从不计成本的国家工程迈入了可以小批量、低成本、可迭代制造的工业品范畴。

中国商业航天起步也公认从这一年开始。当年我国首次明确鼓励引导社会资本进入航天领域,第一批民营火箭和卫星公司在此后两三年里相继成立。

加速键要到2022年到2023年按下。

马斯克把发射成本一路压低的同时,还用星链造出了一个需要海量火箭运力的太空通信服务市场。

2023年第一季度,SpaceX营业收入达到约15亿美元,总利润达到5500万美元,首次实现规模化盈利,这背后的驱动正是星链。商业逻辑、可复用的低成本运力加上由此产生的通信市场需求,星链让商业航天第一次看到了从技术验证到商业兑现的闭环。

也是在2022年前后,星链在地缘政治和大国博弈中发挥的巨大影响,又让商业航天从单一的商业产业叙事转而与国家安全紧密挂钩。加上低轨卫星的轨道和频谱资源有限,同时有先占先得的原则,国内顶层设计对商业航天的定位一再升级。

2023年年底,中央经济工作会议首次明确提出要打造商业航天等若干战略性新兴产业。2024年3月它首次进入政府工作报告被列为新增长引擎之一。而到去年年底四中全会后,商业航天被纳入航天强国的重要支撑,与质量强国、网络强国、信息强国并列。

一位投资圈人士认为,航天强国的提出,国家公布探月计划、太空制造计划,让投资圈看到了“人类下一步往哪走”的远景,对投资圈触动很大。

三年三级跳,顶层重视升级,一系列制度松绑随之而来。

去年11月,国家航天局印发《推进商业航天高质量安全发展行动计划(2025—2027年)》,第一次明确民营企业可以独立申请频率和轨道资源、可以承接国家航天任务。与此同时,研制商业卫星的武器装备科研生产许可证要求被取消,新成立的商业航天司则把审批时间大幅缩短。另外资本通道上,科创板也向尚未盈利但握有核心技术的商业航天企业打开了通道。

真金白银由此加速砸向商业航天。去年年底,国家航天局设立首期规模200亿元的国家商业航天发展基金。地方层面,海南省发起设立目标规模共计40亿元的两支航天产业基金;酒泉市设立5亿元航天产业投资基金……据《中国商业航天产业发展报告(2025)》,去年全行业融资总额达186亿元,同比增32%。

示范效应、政策鼓励和资本涌入共振下,商业航天赛道发展正步入快车道。

不过,业界也有共识,国内商业航天要真正起飞,除了土壤催化,内生的商业闭环仍有待跑通。

航天驭星资深副总裁、总师曹梦日前在一档播客里提到,今年他参加中国航天日的一场产业链圆桌,部组件、测运控到火箭、卫星各个环节的代表轮流讲完各自的难处,最后他总结下来发现症结就在规模化不够,导致供应链各环节有各种问题。

这在业界也是共识——火箭要靠规模化发射来摊薄成本,规模化发射要靠下游有真实需求来支撑,下游需求又要靠足够的在轨卫星也即足够的运力才能被激活。

当下国内的在轨星座数量以及发射频次都有待规模化推进。

国内两大低轨星座——中国星网的GW星座与上海垣信的千帆星座,向国际电信联盟申报的卫星总量合计突破3万颗,但目前组网完成度低于一成,而海外已实现规模化运营的星链在轨卫星数量突破1.24万颗。

发射次数上也是如此,去年国内全年完成92次发射,已是中国航天的高密度发射期,但SpaceX全年有170次发射。

这也使得承载着运力的火箭成为整个产业链条里最热的环节。它被寄望能敲开规模化卡点,也是当下资本、监管以及大众关注度最高的环节。

02

万众瞩目的火箭,可回收成上市入场券

2025年一笔总预算6.16亿元的火箭发射订单,成了中国商业航天当下发展瓶颈的一个尴尬注脚。

招标方是上海垣信卫星,目的是为千帆星座的规模化组网采购火箭运力。但从2月到8月,这笔订单反复启动招标、又反复宣告失败。原因在于符合要求的投标供应商不足三家无法开标。

这个行业插曲,也把商业航天火箭当下的运力瓶颈和市场上能稳定提供大运力发射服务的民营火箭公司数量不足问题,摆到了所有人面前。

产业链的堵点自然地成了资本关注度最高的一环。

目前,蓝箭航天、天兵科技、中科宇航、星际荣耀、星河动力等民营商业火箭赛道头部企业悉数启动IPO,总体估值已超千亿。其中蓝箭跑得最快,2025年12月31日科创板IPO获受理,拟募资75亿元、明确投向可重复使用火箭技术与产能提升,仅22天就进入上市问询环节。

有人形象地比喻,火箭本质是一门运力的生意,赚的是把货物送上特定轨道的运费。而运力昂贵,一大原因在于长期以来火箭都是一次性的,很难摊平成本。

SpaceX通过可回收路线,大幅降低了航天发射成本,从历史平均每公斤约18,500美元降至约2,700美元(猎鹰9号)及1,400美元(猎鹰重型)。目前,国内在这一指标上仍在追赶。

杭州箭元航天科技有限公司董事长魏一几个月前提到,国内商业航天发射载荷的价格约为每公斤8万元至10万元。如果火箭能回收、重复使用,按照复用20次来算,单次发射成本能下降近70%。

运力上,数据显示猎鹰9号在可回收模式下太阳同步轨道运力超过15吨,而国内已商业化发射的民营火箭中运力最大的东方空间“引力一号”,500公里太阳同步轨道运力为4.2吨。

差距之下,目前国内商业航天头部企业已大力押注大吨位与可回收液体火箭的研发。

去年到今年,围绕着可回收技术,国内多路玩家开启了高密度验证,今年尤其进入重要验证节点。

本月下旬,朱雀三号将再度尝试一子级回收,四季度争取实现回收复用飞行,是目前民营阵营的领跑者。星际荣耀、深蓝航天、天兵科技、星河动力、中科宇航等多家公司的新型号也将在今年内首飞或同步验证回收技术,国家队的长征十号乙、十二号乙同样排上了回收验证日程。

行业上下都在紧密关注各家的发射进度。有行业内人士告诉数智前线,目前的民营上市浪潮里谁最先完成可回收技术,谁就最快拿到上市船票。

这并非戏言。监管部门已将可回收与火箭公司登陆资本市场的入场券挂钩。2025年12月26日,上交所发布科创板第五套上市标准的适用指引中明确,商业火箭企业申报所需的阶段性成果为“实现采用可重复使用技术的中大型运载火箭发射载荷首次成功入轨”。

它也意味着,技术突破正成为资本卡位的关键。

不过,在突破火箭运力瓶颈的路径上,也有资深人士认为,围绕着火箭最核心是要解决低成本大运力问题,可回收只是降低成本的路径之一。

航天驭星总师曹梦此前提到,可回收技术希望通过重复利用来降低单次成本,但它也有代价,比如牺牲了运载能力。

猎鹰9号一次性使用时近地轨道运力20吨,如果要做一子级落船回收,它的运载能力可能下降到15到10吨,如果要一子级返回着陆场,运载能力就剩下不到10吨。同时它也会抬高了单发火箭的方案成本,因为火箭不仅要把货送上去,还要留足飞回来的能量。

国内目前能看到一些厂商重视做大运力,降低成本,回收则押后投入。比如中科宇航力箭二号总指挥杨浩亮今年3月提到,力箭二号引入汽车自动化产线与模块化开发,大幅压低了制造和生产成本,不回收状态下单位成本为3万元人民币/公斤。

不管选择哪条技术路线,一个不容回避的事实是,眼下大热的火箭赛道,企业整体都还处在重投入期,盈利仍是一个长期目标。

03

仍在探索的闭环和率先兑现的钱

当资本和镜头都聚焦于火箭时,不得不提整个商业航天其实是一个宽广的赛道。

目前产业界普遍将商业航天产业链条分为上中下游三层。

开源证券研报指出,商业航天产业链上游指卫星与火箭制造及相关配套设备;中游为火箭发射、地面设备制造;下游为终端应用及服务市场,传统应用场景包括通信、导航、遥感,新兴应用场景包括卫星互联网、太空旅行、太空采矿、深空探索等。

中商产业研究院测算,2025年中国商业航天整体产业规模约2.5万亿~2.8万亿元,年均复合增长率保持在20%以上,产业链相关企业数量增至600家以上。这个规模数据里包含了整个上下游所有关联产业及带动效应的产值。

多家投研机构认为从全球太空经济版图看,未来整个链条围绕火箭发射服务仅占整个太空经济约2%,下游应用与服务将占七成以上。

科普作家瘦驼最近也在一档播客里表示,火箭是基础设施,不是商业航天本身,载荷才是更商业的东西。

以SpaceX为例,目前真正为SpaceX赚到钱的是送上天的星链卫星通信服务。2025年,星链为SpaceX带来超113亿美元营收、44亿美元运营利润,是SpaceX公司唯一盈利的板块。

目前由于国内在轨星座数量和发射频次有待完成规模化建设,遥感、卫星互联网这些离用户最近环节的商业闭环仍在探索。

如何找到规模化的真实商业场景和订单是这一环节的最大卡点。这从全球遥感龙头Planet Labs身上可窥见端倪。Planet Labs有数百颗在轨卫星,投入十余年,寄望向农业、大宗商品交易、碳中和追踪等民间商业应用场景售卖数据。

由于卫星折旧率高,而民间商业应用的付费意愿和付费能力仍然极低,场景破碎化,这家公司直到2025财年第四季度才摸到调整后盈亏平衡线。

业界观察,能看到目前有商业兑现的企业要么在卖铲子环节,要么通过出海另辟蹊径寻找确定性。

去年以来,在商业航天赛道围绕着金属3D打印、深冷设备和特种制动等产业链上游不同领域的供应商都出现过“卖铲子”叙事。

比如西安铂力特作为金属3D打印制造商,已助力蓝箭航天、东方空间、九州云箭、星际荣耀、星众空间、天回航天等多家商业航天客户完成发射、飞行任务,多个项目进入批量生产阶段。2025年它营收18.63亿元、净利润2.09亿元,同比翻倍。

但值得一提的是,风口上的“商业航天”板块业务尚未占据这些企业营收大盘。

今年1月初,铂力特股价因商业航天概念连续多日大涨、累计涨幅超过30%,触发股票异常波动。随后该公司专门发布澄清公告:截至2025年9月30日,商业航天业务占公司总收入的比例只有约3%,并直言未来几年对总营收贡献仍将有限。

除了铂力特,被市场誉为箭体结构件核心供应商的超捷股份也在去年12月底公告商业航天业务营收占营收总比重约5%,尚处于小批量交付,对整体业绩影响较少。同时,在整个商业航天概念板块,上游供应商中找不到一家能把商业航天收入单独列示、且占比超过公司营收十分之一的企业。

这意味着,在仍处于发展早期的商业航天赛道,下游市场仍然处于早期。被AI大模型赛道验证的“卖铲子最赚钱”的逻辑,目前难以支撑起商业航天领域上游的业绩大盘。

在卖铲子和造火箭之外,也有玩家在尝试另辟蹊径,靠差异化跑通商业模式闭环。

杭州的地卫二不造火箭,而是把AI卫星连同地面站、人员培训、在轨算力共享,打包成“交钥匙”方案卖到海外。

2024年11月向阿曼交付首星后,双方又签订了新的多颗卫星合作,目前地卫二也是国内少数完成了智能卫星及配套产业链出口的民营企业。

地卫二联合创始人宋冰晨告诉数智前线,向需要维护主权尊严但无独立航天能力的国家输出国家级航天能力,模式已经走通,目前全球约有40多个国家具备每年约1亿美元的航天合作预算,市场潜力巨大,接下来地卫二会逐个突破展开合作。

上海瀚讯创始人卜智勇认为中国商业航天正从技术储备的1.0阶段迈向批量化规模化建设的2.0阶段。在2.0阶段,商业闭环是必考题。不只是卫星卖出去,更要在应用端实现稳定利润,只有这样商业航天才能实现正向循环。

SpaceX花了20年让星链完成商业闭环,而SpaceX整体的商业模式仍待走通。对国内的的商业航天而言,整个行业都需要时间等来自己的星链时刻。(更多讨论可加作者微信moonfly713)

注:文/徐鑫,文章来源:数智前线(公众号ID:MzkwNDMyOTA1NA==),本文为作者独立观点,不代表亿邦动力立场。

文章来源:数智前线

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