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“印钞机”变“碎钞机”!光伏集体巨亏 谁在流血求生?

黄田 2026-01-22 08:54
黄田 2026/01/22 08:54

邦小白快读

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2025年光伏行业全产业链集体巨亏,亏损总额或超600亿元,揭示产能过剩和技术转型的迫切性。

1.亏损事实:9家龙头企业合计预亏415-470亿元,天合光能、隆基绿能、通威股份等巨头亏损60-100亿元不等;2025年上半年多晶硅毛利率为-6.30%,组件仅0.67%,远低于2022年73%的高点。

2.亏损原因:产能过剩度达60%-90%,价格战使组件价格跌至0.6元/W击穿现金成本;原材料银价两年涨140%、硅料价从3.4万元/吨升至5万元/吨,双重挤压利润。

3.实操应对:2026年聚焦技术升级与能耗控制,企业如隆基绿能通过BC二代产品良率提升减亏,通威优化成本实现部分盈利;低效企业如TCL中环因能耗高、技术旧被边缘化。

光伏行业正经历技术革新和成本压力,品牌需关注产品研发与定价策略以应对消费趋势变化。

1.技术趋势:行业快速从P型向N型、BC/ABC和钙钛矿叠层演进,铜电镀、去银化成关键降本路径;隆基BC电池规模化量产改善成本,爱旭ABC电池进入量产阶段。

2.成本影响:银浆成本占比达29%成组件第一大成本,2026年开年银价又涨超30%,推高定价压力;消费趋势转向海外本地化制造应对贸易壁垒,储能光伏一体化成新趋势。

3.品牌启示:企业案例显示,钧达股份等依赖旧PERC电池技术劣势明显,需转向N型或BC技术;天合光能等亏损企业仍布局新技术,强化研发以维护品牌溢价。

光伏市场面临系统性风险但蕴含技术升级机会,卖家可借鉴事件应对措施优化运营。

1.风险提示:产能过剩和价格战导致全行业亏损,原材料银价、硅料价暴涨推升成本;政策如能耗标准(需1-2级能耗)和反内卷政策加速边缘企业出清,如TCL中环连续百亿亏损。

2.机会提示:2026年技术决战带来增长点,BC电池、低银化技术可降本提效;海外市场机遇增多,本地化制造应对贸易壁垒;可学习案例包括隆基绿能单季亏损收窄、通威硅料业务下半年盈利。

3.应对措施:企业通过减产、成本控制(如通威)和良率提升(如隆基)减亏;合作方式如储能一体化布局,降低风险;扶持政策间接体现在行业出清指标中。

光伏生产需聚焦技术升级和成本控制,提供商业机会与电商启示。

1.生产需求:能耗成为关键门槛,多晶硅产能需满足1-2级能耗标准,3级产能逐步出清;转化率要求提升,单晶电池转化率不低于22.5%、组件不低于25%,否则如钧达股份等企业面临边缘化。

2.商业机会:技术迭代带来新需求,铜电镀、去银化和低银化降本路线可优化设计;原材料价格波动(硅料逆势涨)提示多元化采购;案例中通威、大全能源通过成本修复部分盈利。

3.电商启示:产能优化启示数字化管理,如通过数据分析控制能耗;海外本地化制造趋势建议工厂布局国际化供应链,提升抗风险能力。

行业呈现技术驱动出清趋势,服务商需关注客户痛点并提供解决方案。

1.发展趋势:2026年光伏将经历残酷淘汰赛,核心指标包括能耗、转化率和利润倒挂;技术演进从P型向N型、BC电池快速迭代,铜电镀和去银化成焦点。

2.客户痛点:企业痛点包括原材料成本暴涨(银价两年涨140%)、利润压缩至毛利率负值、订单价格下探击穿现金成本;TCL中环等因高能耗和旧技术陷入经营困境。

3.解决方案:技术升级方案如隆基BC电池良率稳定、爱旭ABC电池量产降低银浆依赖;痛点缓解策略包括优化能耗管理、推广储能一体化应对贸易壁垒;案例显示通威通过减产控制成本初见成效。

光伏供应链供需失衡提出平台管理需求,平台可优化招商与风险规避策略。

1.平台需求:商业问题包括产能过剩导致订单价格过低、原材料成本波动(如银价2026年涨超30%)引发供应链不稳定;企业如晶科能源亏损加剧,需平台支持供需平衡。

2.平台做法:最新做法包括招商聚焦高效能企业(符合1-2级能耗标准),淘汰边缘化玩家;运营管理强调风险规避,如监控利润倒挂指标(光伏玻璃价格低于成本)减少损失;案例中隆基、通威布局新技术,平台可吸引此类企业。

3.风向规避:政策风向如能耗标准调整需平台动态响应;海外本地化制造趋势提示平台拓展国际化服务,降低贸易壁垒风险。

光伏产业暴露新问题与政策启示,研究者可关注商业模式创新动向。

1.产业动向:行业面临产能过剩、成本压力和三重绞杀(产能、价格战、原材料涨);新问题包括利润倒挂、能耗不达标(3级产能出清)、技术分化导致企业如钧达股份滑向二线。

2.政策启示:能耗标准(如每千克标准煤消耗量)提供法规建议,需强化1-2级要求;反内卷政策启示产能优化;商业模式变化如储能光伏一体化和海外本地化制造应对壁垒。

3.研究点:企业案例隆基、通威通过技术减亏,揭示BC电池、低银化技术关键;TCL中环连续亏损显示高能耗模式不可持续,研究者可分析出清逻辑与再生机会。

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Quick Summary

The entire photovoltaic industry chain is projected to incur massive collective losses exceeding 60 billion yuan in 2025, highlighting the urgency of addressing overcapacity and technological transformation.

1. Loss Facts: Nine leading companies are expected to report combined losses of 41.5-47 billion yuan, with giants like Trina Solar, LONGi Green Energy, and Tongwei Co. losing 6-10 billion yuan each. In H1 2025, polysilicon gross margins were -6.30%, and module margins were just 0.67%, far below the 73% peak in 2022.

2. Loss Drivers: Overcapacity of 60%-90% has triggered price wars, driving module prices down to 0.6 yuan/W, below cash costs. Soaring raw material costs—silver prices up 140% in two years and silicon material prices rising from 34,000 to 50,000 yuan/ton—have squeezed profits from both sides.

3. Practical Responses: In 2026, the focus shifts to technology upgrades and energy consumption control. Companies like LONGi are reducing losses by improving the yield of second-gen BC products, while Tongwei is achieving partial profitability through cost optimization. Inefficient firms like TCL Zhonghuan, burdened by high energy use and outdated tech, are being marginalized.

The PV industry is undergoing technological disruption and cost pressures, requiring brands to prioritize R&D and pricing strategies to adapt to shifting consumer trends.

1. Tech Trends: The industry is rapidly evolving from P-type to N-type, BC/ABC, and perovskite tandem cells, with copper plating and silver reduction becoming key cost-cutting paths. LONGi's scaled BC cell production improves costs, and Aiko Solar's ABC cells have entered mass production.

2. Cost Impact: Silver paste now accounts for 29% of module costs, the largest expense, with prices surging over 30% in early 2026, increasing pricing pressure. Consumer trends are shifting toward overseas localized manufacturing to bypass trade barriers, and integrated solar-storage is emerging as a new trend.

3. Brand Insights: Case studies show firms like Junda Solar, reliant on outdated PERC tech, are at a clear disadvantage and must transition to N-type or BC technologies. Loss-making companies like Trina Solar are still investing in new tech to strengthen R&D and maintain brand premium.

The PV market faces systemic risks but offers tech upgrade opportunities; sellers can learn from corporate responses to optimize operations.

1. Risk Alerts: Overcapacity and price wars have led to industry-wide losses, while soaring silver and silicon costs push expenses higher. Policies like energy consumption standards (requiring Tier 1-2) and anti-dumping measures are accelerating the exit of marginal players, e.g., TCL Zhonghuan's continuous 10-billion-yuan losses.

2. Opportunity Signals: The 2026 tech showdown creates growth avenues—BC cells and low-silver tech can cut costs and boost efficiency. Overseas markets offer more opportunities via localized manufacturing to counter trade barriers. Learn from cases like LONGi narrowing quarterly losses and Tongwei's silicon business turning profitable in H2.

3. Countermeasures: Companies are reducing losses through output cuts, cost control (e.g., Tongwei), and yield improvements (e.g., LONGi). Partnerships like integrated solar-storage deployments mitigate risks; support policies are indirectly reflected in industry consolidation metrics.

PV production must focus on tech upgrades and cost control, revealing commercial opportunities and e-commerce insights.

1. Production Demands: Energy consumption is a critical barrier; polysilicon capacity must meet Tier 1-2 standards, with Tier 3 capacity being phased out. Conversion efficiency requirements are rising—monocrystalline cells must exceed 22.5%, modules 25%, or firms like Junda Solar face marginalization.

2. Business Opportunities: Tech iteration drives new demand; copper plating, silver elimination, and low-silver routes offer design optimizations. Raw material volatility (e.g., rising silicon prices) suggests diversified sourcing. Cases like Tongwei and Daqo New Energy show partial profitability via cost recovery.

3. E-commerce Insights: Capacity optimization highlights digital management, e.g., using data analytics to control energy use. The overseas localization trend advises factories to build international supply chains for resilience.

The industry shows a tech-driven consolidation trend; service providers should address client pain points with tailored solutions.

1. Development Trends: PV will undergo a brutal shakeout in 2026, with key metrics being energy consumption, conversion rates, and profit inversion. Tech is rapidly evolving from P-type to N-type and BC cells, with copper plating and silver reduction as focal points.

2. Client Pain Points: Issues include soaring raw material costs (silver up 140% in two years), compressed margins turning negative, and order prices falling below cash costs. Firms like TCL Zhonghuan struggle due to high energy use and obsolete tech.

3. Solutions: Tech upgrade options include LONGi's stable BC cell yields and Aiko's mass-produced ABC cells reducing silver reliance. Pain-point mitigation strategies involve optimizing energy management and promoting integrated storage to counter trade barriers. Cases like Tongwei show initial success via output cuts and cost control.

PV supply-demand imbalances create platform management needs; platforms can refine merchant recruitment and risk avoidance strategies.

1. Platform Needs: Business challenges include order prices depressed by overcapacity and supply chain instability from raw material volatility (e.g., silver up over 30% in 2026). Loss-making firms like Jinko Solar need platform support for balance.

2. Platform Actions: Latest approaches include recruiting high-efficiency players (meeting Tier 1-2 energy standards) and phasing out marginal ones. Operations emphasize risk avoidance, e.g., monitoring profit inversion indicators (like glass prices below cost) to minimize losses. Platforms can attract innovators like LONGi and Tongwei investing in new tech.

3. Risk Mitigation: Policy shifts like energy standard updates require dynamic platform responses. The overseas localization trend suggests expanding international services to reduce trade barrier risks.

The PV sector exposes new problems and policy implications; researchers should monitor business model innovations.

1. Industry Dynamics: The industry faces overcapacity, cost pressures, and a triple squeeze (capacity, price wars, rising material costs). New issues include profit inversion, non-compliant energy use (Tier 3 capacity exit), and tech divergence marginalizing firms like Junda Solar.

2. Policy Insights: Energy standards (e.g., per-kg coal consumption) offer regulatory lessons, urging stricter Tier 1-2 requirements. Anti-dumping policies signal capacity optimization needs. Business model shifts include integrated solar-storage and overseas localization to bypass barriers.

3. Research Avenues: Cases like LONGi and Tongwei reducing losses via tech highlight the critical role of BC cells and low-silver tech. TCL Zhonghuan's sustained losses demonstrate the unsustainability of high-energy models, inviting analysis of consolidation logic and regeneration opportunities.

Disclaimer: The "Quick Summary" content is entirely generated by AI. Please exercise discretion when interpreting the information. For issues or corrections, please email run@ebrun.com .

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1月20日,天合光能发布2025年业绩预告:预计亏损65-75亿元。至此,光伏上市巨头2025年悉数交卷:9家龙头企业合计预亏415-470亿元,机构预计,光伏上市企业全年亏损总额或超600亿元。

这是从上游硅料到下游组件,全产业链的集体亏损。背后是产能过剩、价格战与原材料暴涨的三重绞杀。最直观的是毛利率:2025上半年,多晶硅整体毛利率为-6.30%,组件的毛利率只有0.67%。而在2022年,多晶硅整体毛利率一度高达73%,产业链各环节几乎“躺赚”。

银价格两年内飙升140%、硅料价格逆势反弹,在订单价格一路下探的背景下,企业利润被进一步压缩,雪上加霜几乎是注定的结果。

卓创资讯光伏分析师王帅认为,本轮行业出清的进程,可从三个关键指标来观察:一是能耗,二是转化率提升,三是利润倒挂情况。

而这场预期之中的“天雷滚滚”揭示的是:2026年,中国光伏行业将走进一场以能效、技术和成本为核心的空前残酷淘汰赛。

2026天崩开局:全行业集体巨亏

从已披露的2025年度业绩预告看,光伏板块的系统性压力前所未有:

组件和一体化龙头中,天合光能预计亏损65-75亿元,隆基绿能(601012 SH)预计亏损60-65亿元,晶澳科技(002459.SZ)预计亏损45-48亿元。晶科能源虽未给出具体区间,但前三季度已亏损39.2亿元,全年亏损已成定局。

上游硅料及一体化企业中,通威股份(600438.SH)预计亏损90-100亿元;TCL中环(002129.SZ)预计亏损82-96亿元,连续两年接近百亿级亏损。

电池及细分环节龙头同样不容乐观。爱旭股份(600732.SH)预计亏损12-19亿元,钧达股份亏损12-15亿元,时创能源亏损约2.98-3.58亿元。

毛利率极具参考性:2025上半年,多晶硅整体毛利率已经跌至-6.30%,组件的毛利率只有0.67%。而在2022年,多晶硅的整体毛利率是73%,所有环节的厂商均盈利。

三年之间,整个板块从“印钞机”变成了投资者眼中的“雷区”。在“碳中和”和“光伏装机高增”的预期下,产业链从硅料、硅片、电池到组件一路疯狂扩产,名义产能远超实际需求。行业研究普遍认为,2024-2025年多个环节产能过剩度达到60%-90%,远超健康水平。

供给端失控后,价格战让组件价格在2024-2025年一度跌到0.6元/W左右,不少企业披露,这一价格已经击穿现金成本线,“越卖越亏”。

上游成本可以涨价,但下游组件在“内卷”和海外竞价中难以提价,导致利润“两头挤压”。更雪上加霜的是,原材料价格不跌反涨,尤其是白银和硅料。银价两年涨幅超过140%,2025年底伦敦现货银一度冲到历史新高。

在光伏组件成本中,银价暴涨致银浆成本占比达29%、反超硅料成组件第一大成本,并且在前期已经上涨三倍的基础上,今日银价又上冲95美元/盎司,2026年开年不足一月,银价的涨幅已经超过30%。硅料价格同样逆势上涨,2025年下半年起,N型多晶硅价格从约3.4万元/吨涨到5万多元/吨。

隆基、通威、天合等企业在公告中一致表示:“银浆、硅料成本大幅上涨,显著推升硅片、电池及组件成本,使企业经营进一步承压。”

洗牌:2026技术决战,谁在减亏,谁在被边缘化?

站在“保价”还是“保市”的十字路口,2026年注定是光伏的全局大洗牌,博弈的逻辑从过去的“谁扩产快谁赢”,转向更为残酷的“刮骨疗毒”:谁技术强、谁成本低、谁现金流稳,谁才能活到最后。

判断这轮出清有的关键指标,卓创资讯光伏分析师王帅认为,首先是能耗指标,例如每千克标准煤消耗量,多晶硅产能能耗标准调整,需要满足1-2级能耗要求,3级产能陆续出清。其次,转化率提升,电池片及组件成品需符合最低标准转化率要求。如单晶电池现有产能转化率不低于22.5%,组件不低于25%。再次,利润倒挂在一定程度上促进产能出清。如光伏玻璃成品价格长期低于成本,部分企业经营压力明显增加,陆续退出,供应量稍降。

在出清逻辑之上,技术迭代正在决定企业分化的上限与下限。技术方向上,行业正经历从P型向N型再向BC/ABC和钙钛矿叠层的快速演进;铜电镀、去银、低银化成为关键降本路线。结构变化上,储能与光伏一体化、海外本地化制造成为应对贸易壁垒的新趋势。

从部分企业的业绩预告中,已经可以看到分化的早期信号。隆基绿能预计2025年亏损60至65亿元,但与2024年相比已明显减亏,单季度亏损环比收窄,其BC二代产品良率逐步稳定,规模化量产正改善单位成本。

通威股份2025年预计亏损90至100亿元,但其多晶硅业务在2025年下半年已重新实现经营性盈利,硅料减产与成本控制初见成效;大全能源、时创能源等企业也在硅料价格回升中部分修复了盈利能力。

另一方面,是在技术与成本双重夹击下被加速边缘化的企业。连续两年逼近百亿级亏损的TCL中环,其一体化布局滞后,多晶硅、硅片等产线能耗水平偏高,原有高能耗产能被动减产、限产,“大马拉小车”窘境显著。同时,依托旧工艺的存量产线竞争力下滑,议价能力与订单质量同步走弱,正在向“二线龙头”边缘滑落。

钧达股份(002865.SZ)困局与之类似。公司预计2025年亏损约12–15亿元,本轮周期中其核心资产仍以P型PERC电池为主,天花板已现。叠加银价飙升带来的银浆成本压力,其单位成本在与N型、BC电池的对比中劣势愈发明显,依靠低价抢单维持开工率。随着“反内卷”政策推进、龙头率先实现低银化、去银化和铜电镀量产,钧达在技术、成本和客户结构上的劣势正在被进一步放大。

值得注意的是,尽管深陷亏损,龙头企业依然为下一轮周期提前布局:隆基绿能持续加码BC电池技术,通威股份则优化硅料成本与新产能布局,爱旭股份的ABC电池技术也已进入量产阶段……

可以预见,2026年的“技术决战”,将真正决定谁能在剧烈出清后“枯木逢春”,谁又会被永远留在寒冬之中。

注:文/黄田,文章来源:钛媒体(公众号ID:taimeiti),本文为作者独立观点,不代表亿邦动力立场。

文章来源:钛媒体

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